Internet and its Services

    • Internet started in India on 15 August 1995 by Videsh sanchar nigam limited.
  • Internet using Packet Switching.Packet switching breaks data into small packets and routes them individually to their destination, where they are reassembled into the original data.
    • Internet Service Providers (ISPs) offer various types of connections to access the internet. The type of connection available to you can depend on your location, infrastructure, and the ISP’s offerings.
      • Email Service
      • Domain Service
      • Web Hosting
      • Browser Packages
  • ISP connections Speed in Decreasing Order : 
    • Fibre <cable <Satellite <DSL <WIRELESS <Dial Up
  • Optical Distribution Network (ODN): ODN refers to the network infrastructure that distributes optical signals from a central office or data center to end-users or customers. 
    • ODNs are crucial components of fiber optic broadband and telecommunications systems, allowing for high-speed data transmission.
    • Physical fiber optical devices that distribute signals to user in a telecommunications network.
  • ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. 
    • It is a set of international standards for digital telecommunications that was developed in the 1980s and 1990s. 
    • ISDN was designed to provide higher-quality voice, data, and video communication services over traditional telephone networks.

 

Here are some common types of ISP connections:

Wired Brodband : using physical cables or wired

  • DSL (Digital Subscriber Line):
  • Cable Internet:
  • Fiber Optic Internet:
  • Dial-Up Internet:
  • Ethernet Over Copper (EoC):

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line):

    • DSL uses existing telephone lines to provide high speed internet access at home or office.
    • It offers different speed tiers, with faster DSL technologies like VDSL and VDSL2 providing higher speeds.
    • DSL connections are typically asymmetrical, with faster download speeds compared to upload speeds.
  • ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line):
      • ADSL offers asymmetrical speeds, meaning that the download speed is significantly higher than the upload speed.
      • It is wired data communication.
  • SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line):
    • SDSL offers symmetrical speeds, meaning that the upload and download speeds are the same or nearly identical.

Cable Internet:

  • Cable internet uses the same coaxial cable infrastructure as cable TV services.
  • It provides high-speed internet access and is often faster than DSL.
  • Cable internet can be shared with other users in your neighborhood, which can lead to reduced speeds during peak usage times.
  • Hathway Broadband, commonly known as Hathway, is one of the largest broadband internet service providers in India. 

Fiber Optic Internet:

  • Fiber optic internet uses thin strands of glass or plastic to transmit data as pulses of light.
  • It offers very high-speed internet access, often with symmetrical upload and download speeds.
  • Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) or Fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) provides the fastest and most reliable fiber internet connection.

Satellite Internet:

  • Satellite internet beams signals to and from satellites in orbit, making it accessible in remote areas.
  • It offers a wider geographical coverage but tends to have higher latency and slower speeds compared to DSL, cable, or fiber.
  • IT Does not Require Cable.

Fixed Wireless Internet:

  • Fixed wireless internet uses radio signals to connect to a nearby tower or base station.
  • It is commonly used in rural areas where laying cables is not cost-effective.
  • Speeds can vary depending on the distance from the tower and interference.

Dial-Up Internet:

  • Dial-up internet uses a standard telephone line to connect to the internet.
  • It is very slow compared to modern broadband options and has largely been phased out in favor of faster connections.

Mobile Broadband (3G, 4G, 5G):

  • Mobile broadband uses cellular networks to provide internet access to mobile devices, laptops, and tablets.
  • 3G, 4G, and 5G technologies offer varying levels of speed and coverage.
  • Mobile hotspots and USB dongles allow users to connect multiple devices to mobile broadband.

T1 and T3 Lines:

  • T1 and T3 lines are dedicated, high-speed leased lines often used by businesses.
  • T1 provides a maximum speed of 1.544 Mbps, while T3 offers 44.736 Mbps.

Ethernet Over Copper (EoC):

  • EoC delivers internet access using traditional copper-based Ethernet cabling.
  • It is often used for business internet connections.

Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE):

  • PPPoE is a common protocol used to establish a connection between the user’s device and the ISP’s network, often used with DSL and some fiber connections.

web browser : 

  • A web browser, often simply referred to as a browser, is a software application that allows users to access and interact with content on the World Wide Web. 
  • It serves as a user interface to retrieve and display web pages, files, and other resources from the internet. 

Popular web browsers and their types:

  • WorldWideWeb : The first web browser ever created was called “WorldWideWeb” (also known as “Nexus“)
    • It was developed by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, a British computer scientist.  while working at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) in Switzerland.
  • Google Chrome: open-source Chromium-Based Browser
    • First Released in 2008 by Google for Microsoft windows.
  • Mozilla Firefox: Open-Source Browser
    • Project Phoenix (2002): The Firefox project, originally codenamed “Phoenix,” began as an experimental endeavor within the Mozilla organization.
    • First Mozilla Firefox 1.0 Released in 2004.
  • Microsoft Edge: Chromium-Based Browser
  • Internet Explorer : Developed by Microsoft in 1995.
  • Apple Safari: Apple’s web browser  on macOS and iOS devices.
    • Released in 2003.
  • Opera: Chromium-Based Browser
    • Released in 1995.
  • Brave: Chromium-Based Browser
  • Vivaldi: Chromium-Based Browser
  • Tor Browser: Privacy-Focused Browser built on Firefox
  • Epic Privacy Browser: Privacy-Focused Browser
  • Pale Moon:
  • KingPin Browser :
  • Mosaic : 
  • OmniBox : The term “OmniBox” is commonly associated with web browsers, particularly Google Chrome. It refers to the unified address bar or search bar at the top of the browser’s user interface. Google Chrome was the first web browser to implement omnibox.
  • UC Browser : UC Browser is a web browser developed by UCWeb, a subsidiary of the Chinese tech company Alibaba Group.

Incognito mode 👍

  • Incognito mode, also known as private browsing, is a privacy feature available in most modern web browsers.
  •  It allows users to browse the internet without leaving traces of their online activity on the local device. 
  • When you use incognito mode, the browser does not save a record of the websites you visit in the browsing history, No Search History.

 search engine  : 

    • A search engine is a software or web-based tool that allows users to search and retrieve information from the internet or a specific database. 
    • Search engines work by indexing web pages and other online content, making it easier for users to find relevant information. 
  • General Search Engines:
  • Google
  • Bing : By Microsoft
  • Yahoo!
  • Alta Vista : Yahoo search Engines
  • YouTube (video search)
  • Amazon (e-commerce search)
  • TripAdvisor (travel search)
    • DuckDuckGo: 
    • AOL Search: 
    • Ask.com: Ask.com, formerly known as Ask Jeeves.
    • Yandex: Yandex is a Russian search engine.
    • Baidu: Baidu is a Chinese search engine.
    • Naver: Naver is a South Korean search engine.
    • Startpage: Startpage is a privacy-focused search engine that provides web search results powered by Google.

Major  functions and features commonly found in web browsers:

  • Bookmarks: Browsers provide a bookmarking feature that allows users to save and organize their favorite websites for quick access.
    • Ctrl+D on Windows 
    • Command+D on macOS
  • Search Bar: Browsers typically include a search bar (often called the OmniBox) for conductingweb searches using popular search engines like Google or Bing.
  • Extensions/Add-ons: Browsers support extensions or add-ons that enhance functionality. These can include ad blockers, password managers, productivity tools, and more.
  • Private Browsing: Browsers offer a private or incognito mode that allows users to browse the web without saving browsing history, cookies, or search history. This helps maintain privacy.
  • Favorites” in a web browser refer to a feature that allows users to save and organize their preferred websites or web pages for quick and easy access. 

Google Chrome Commands and Shortcut Keys

 

Google Chrome, like many other web browsers, offers a variety of keyboard shortcuts and commands to help you navigate and perform tasks more efficiently. Here are some of the most commonly used Chrome keyboard shortcuts and commands:

Navigation Shortcuts:

  1. Ctrl + T (or Cmd + T on Mac): Opens a new tab.

    1. Ctrl + W (or Cmd + W on Mac): Closes the current tab.
    2. Ctrl + Tab (or Ctrl + Page Down on Mac): Switches to the next open tab.
    3. Ctrl + Shift + Tab (or Ctrl + Page Up on Mac): Switches to the previous open tab.

      1.  Ctrl + Shift + Tab shortcut is used to move through each of the open tabs. going to the left in a Chrome browser.
    4. Ctrl + 1-8 (or Cmd + 1-8 on Mac): Switches to a specific tab based on its position from left to right.
    5. Ctrl + 9 (or Cmd + 9 on Mac): Switches to the last tab.
  2. Ctrl + N (or Cmd + N on Mac): Opens a new Chrome window.

    1. Ctrl + Shift + W (or Cmd + Shift + W on Mac): Closes the current window.
  3. Ctrl + Shift + N (or Cmd + Shift + N on Mac): Opens a new Incognito window for private browsing.
  4. Alt + Left Arrow (or Cmd + [ on Mac): Goes back to the previous page.
  5. Alt + Right Arrow (or Cmd + ] on Mac): Goes forward to the next page.
  6. F5 (or Ctrl + R on Windows/Linux, Cmd + R on Mac): Refreshes the current page.
  7. Ctrl + L(or Cmd + L on Mac): Highlights the URL bar for quick searching or entering a new web address.
  8. Ctrl + Page Up – activates the browser tab to the left of the current tab in Chrome browser.
  9. Ctrl + Page Down – Open the browser tab to the right. Alt + Left Arrow to navigate to the previous

General Shortcuts:

  1. Ctrl + Shift + B (or Cmd + Shift + B on Mac): Toggles the bookmarks bar on and off.
  2. Ctrl + H (or Cmd + Y on Mac): Opens the browsing history.
  3. Ctrl + J (or Cmd + Option + L on Mac): Opens the Downloads page.
  4. Ctrl + D (or Cmd + D on Mac): Adds the current page to your bookmarks.

    1. Ctrl + Shift + B→ It is used to show or hide the bookmarks bar.
  5. Ctrl + Shift + Delete (or Cmd + Shift + Delete on Mac): Opens the Clear Browsing Data dialog for clearing your browsing history, cache, and cookies.
  6. Ctrl + P is a shortcut key often used to print a document or page.
  7. Ctrl + Alt + N– Switch to draft layout mode.
  8. Ctrl + U : Opens the source code of web page.

Page Interaction Shortcuts:

  1. Ctrl + F (or Cmd + F on Mac): Opens the Find bar for searching text on the current page.
  2. Spacebar: Scrolls down one screen length.
  3. Shift + Spacebar: Scrolls up one screen length.
  4. Ctrl + + (or Cmd + + on Mac): Zooms in on the page.
  5. Ctrl + – (or Cmd + – on Mac): Zooms out on the page.
  6. Ctrl + 0 (or Cmd + 0 on Mac): Resets the page zoom to default.
  7. F11: Toggles full-screen mode on and off.

Other Useful Shortcuts:

  1. Ctrl + Shift + T (or Cmd + Shift + T on Mac): Reopens the most recently closed tab.
  2. Ctrl + Shift + Del (or Cmd + Shift + Del on Mac): Opens the Clear Browsing Data dialog.
  3. Ctrl + Shift + J (or Cmd + Option + J on Mac): Opens the Chrome DevTools.

Protocols in Computer : 

  • In computer networking and communication, protocols are a set of rules and conventions that enable different devices and software applications to communicate with each other effectively. 
  • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): TCP is a connection-oriented protocol used for reliable and ordered data transfer between devices. It ensures that data packets are delivered in the correct order and can handle error recovery and flow control.
  • Internet Protocol (IP): IP is the fundamental protocol for routing data packets across networks. It assigns unique IP addresses to devices and determines how data packets are forwarded from source to destination.
  • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): HTTP is used for transferring web pages and other resources between web servers and web browsers. 
    • It is the foundation of the World Wide Web.
    • It is a communication protocol.
    • IT IS an Application layer protocol.
    • It allows us to access data over the World Wide Web.
    • It determines how different programs exchange data over the internet.
    • A Computer on the internet that uses HTTP Protocol is known as Web Server.
  • Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS): HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP that encrypts data to ensure the privacy and security of web communication. 
    • It uses SSL/TLS encryption.
  • File Transfer Protocol (FTP): FTP is used for transferring files between a client and a server on a network. 
    • It is often used for uploading and downloading files to and from web servers.
  • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): SMTP is used for sending and relaying email messages. It is responsible for the transmission of email from the sender to the recipient’s email server.
  • Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP): POP3 and IMAP are email retrieval protocols used by email clients to retrieve messages from email servers. IMAP allows users to manage messages on the server, while POP3 typically downloads messages to the client.
  • File Transfer Protocol Secure (FTPS) and Secure Shell (SSH): These protocols provide secure methods for transferring files and executing commands on remote servers. SSH also provides encrypted terminal sessions.
  • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP): SNMP is used for managing and monitoring network devices and systems. It allows network administrators to retrieve and modify device configurations.
  • Post Office Protocol version 4 (POP4): POP4 is a protocol used for email retrieval similar to POP3 but with extended features.
  • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): ICMP is used for error reporting and diagnostic functions in IP networks. It is commonly used for tools like ping and traceroute.
  • Domain Name System (DNS): DNS is used to resolve human-readable domain names into IP addresses, allowing users to access websites using domain names instead of numerical IP addresses.
  • Network Time Protocol (NTP): 
  • Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP): SOAP is a protocol for exchanging structured information in the implementation of web services. 
    • It is often used in web-based APIs.
  • Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP): RDP allows remote access and control of a computer or server over a network. 
    • It is commonly used for remote administration.
  • Telnet, short for “telecommunication network,” is a network protocol that allows you to communicate with remote computers or devices over a network, typically the Internet or a local network.
    • It enables a user to remotely access or login another computer and terminals over the internet.
    • It is a client server protocol.
  • UDP, which stands for User Datagram Protocol, is one of the core protocols in the Internet Protocol (IP) suite. It is a connectionless and lightweight transport layer protocol that provides a way for applications to send messages (datagrams) to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. 

Examples of application layer Protocol:  is responsible for providing network services and applications to end-users or software applications. 

  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP3 (Post Office Protocol, version 3), IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), DNS (Domain Name System), SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), TELNET, SSH (Secure Shell), SMTPS, IMAPS, POP3S: 

Common website-related terms 

Website: A collection of web pages and multimedia content hosted on a web server and accessible through a web address.

Web Page: A single document or content unit within a website that can include text, images, videos, and hyperlinks.

Web Browser: Software used to access and view websites, such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Safari.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A web address that specifies the location of a web page or resource on the internet. 

    • used to specify the location of resources on the internet. 
    • It typically begins with “http://” or “https://” (for secure websites) and includes the domain name.
    • main components of a URL are as follows:
      • 1.Scheme (or Protocol): The scheme specifies the method or protocol used to access the resource. Common schemes include:
        • http:// for Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
        • https:// for HTTP with SSL/TLS encryption.
        • ftp:// for File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
        • mailto: for email addresses.
        • file:// for local file access.
      • 2.Domain (or Host): The domain or host identifies the web server or network location where the resource is hosted. 
        • It can be an IP address (e.g., 192.168.0.1) or a domain name (e.g., www.example.com).
      • 3.Port (Optional): The port number, preceded by a colon, specifies the specific port on the host to connect to. 
        • If omitted, the default port for the scheme is used (e.g., port 80 for HTTP and port 443 for HTTP). For example, :8080 specifies port 8080.
      • 4.Path: The path component specifies the specific file or resource on the server. It may include directories and file names. 
        • For example, /blog/article.html points to the “article.html” file in the “blog” directory.
      • 5.Query (Optional): The query component allows passing parameters or data to the resource, typically in the form of key-value pairs. 
        • It is preceded by a question mark (?) and separated by ampersands (&). For example, ?id=123&name=John passes the parameters “id” and “name” with corresponding values to the resource.
      • 6.Fragment (Optional): The fragment component, preceded by a hash symbol (#), identifies a specific section or anchor within a resource, such as a particular section of a web page. It is often used in conjunction with HTML anchors to scroll to a specific location within a page.
  • Here’s an example of a complete URL with all the components:
  • https://www.example.com:8080/blog/article.html?id=123&name=John#section2
  • Scheme: https://
  • Domain (Host): www.example.com
  • Port: :8080
  • Path: /blog/article.html
  • Query: ?id=123&name=John
  • Fragment: #section2

Domain Name: A domain name is a human-readable address that consists of letters, numbers, and hyphens, typically organized as a sequence of labels separated by dots (periods). 

  • For example, “Sarkarilibrary.in” is a domain name.

Top-Level Domain (TLD): The rightmost part of a domain name is the top-level domain (TLD). 

    • Common examples of TLDs include
  • “.org” : 
  • “.net” : 
  •  “.gov” : 
      • “.edu” : 
  • Country code TLDs like
    •  .uk : for the United Kingdom 
    •  .ca : for Canada.
    • .in : For India (www.sarkarilibrary.in)

Second-Level Domain (SLD): The part of the domain name just to the left of the TLD is called the second-level domain (SLD). 

  • For example, in “www.sarkarilibrary.in,” “sarkarilibrary” is the SLD.

Subdomain: A subdomain is a prefix of a domain that precedes the SLD. Subdomains are created to organize and categorize resources within a domain. 

  • For instance, “Hindi.Sarkarilibrary.in” is a subdomain of “Sarkarilibrary.in“

Domain Registrar: A domain registrar is a company or organization authorized to sell domain names to individuals and businesses. 

  • Registrars maintain domain registration records and offer domain management services.
  • Examples : 
    • Godaddy
    • Hostinger
    • Hostingmela
    • Bluehost

DNS Resolution: When a user enters a domain name in a web browser or any networked application, the DNS system resolves the domain name into its corresponding numerical IP address. This process allows the application to establish a connection with the correct server on the internet.

Domain Ownership: Domain names are purchased or registered by individuals, businesses, or organizations for a specified period (usually one year or more). The entity that registers a domain is considered its owner during the registration period.

IP address 👍

  • An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
  • A computer on the internet identified by IP Address.
  •  IP addresses serve two primary functions:
    • Host Identification: IP addresses are used to uniquely identify and locate devices on a network. 
      • Every device, whether it’s a computer, smartphone, server, or any other networked device, is assigned a unique IP address within a given network.

  • Routing: IP addresses are essential for routing data packets between devices across the internet or any IP-based network. Routers and switches use these addresses to determine the most efficient path for data to travel from the source to the destination.

There are two main versions of IP addresses in use:

  • IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4): This is the older and more widely used version of IP addresses.
    •  IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long and are typically expressed as four decimal numbers separated by total 3 dots (e.g., 192.168.0.1). 
    • Each number can be 0 to 255.
    • Due to the limited number of available IPv4 addresses, the world has transitioned to IPv6.
    • Length of IPv4 address in terms of Nibbles is 8 Nibbles.
  • IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6): IPv6 was introduced to address the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. 
    • IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long and are expressed as eight groups of hexadecimal digits separated by colons (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334). 
    • IPv6 provides a vastly larger address space, accommodating the growing number of devices connected to the internet.
    • Length of IPv6 address in terms of Nibbles is 32 Nibbles.

IP addresses are categorized into two main types:

  • Public IP Address: A public IP address is assigned to a device by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) and is used for communication over the internet.
    •  It is unique and globally routable, allowing devices to be reachable from anywhere on the internet.
  • Private IP Address: Private IP addresses are used within a local network, such as a home or business network, to identify devices. 
    • They are not routable over the internet and are typically assigned by a router or DHCP server. Common private IP address ranges include 192.168.x.x, 172.16.x.x to 172.31.x.x, and 10.x.x.x.

DNS (Domain Name System): A system that translates human-readable domain names into numerical IP addresses, allowing web browsers to locate web servers on the internet.

  • It converts a Numerical IP Address into an easy to remember format (Domain Names).

Web Hosting: The service of providing server space and resources to store and serve website files to users over the internet.

Server: A computer or system that stores website files and responds to requests from web browsers to deliver web content.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): The standard markup language used to create web pages. HTML uses tags to structure and format content.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): A style sheet language used to describe the presentation and formatting of HTML elements, enhancing the visual design of web pages.

JavaScript: A programming language used to add interactivity and dynamic behavior to web pages, making them responsive to user input.

CMS (Content Management System): Software that simplifies website creation and management, allowing users to publish, edit, and organize content without advanced technical skills. 

  • Examples include WordPress and Joomla.

SEO (Search Engine Optimization): The practice of optimizing website content and structure to improve its visibility in search engine results and increase organic traffic.

Web Hosting Provider: A company or service that offers web hosting services, including server space, domain registration, and maintenance.

Web Developer: A professional who designs, creates, and maintains websites using web development technologies like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and programming languages.

Web Designer: A professional who focuses on the visual aspects of website design, including layout, color schemes, typography, and graphic elements.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): The protocol used for transmitting data between web servers and web browsers. “HTTPS” is the secure version that encrypts data transmission.

Cookie: A small piece of data stored on a user’s device by a website, used for tracking user behavior, storing session information, and personalizing content.

Hyperlink (Link): A clickable element in a web page that directs users to another web page or resource.

Server-side and Client-side: Terms referring to where processing occurs. Server-side processing occurs on the web server, while client-side processing occurs in the user’s web browser.

Viewport: The visible portion of a web page within a user’s browser window.

API (Application Programming Interface):

  • APIs enable developers to build software components, applications, or services that can utilize the features and data of other systems without needing to understand their internal workings. 
  • Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter offer APIs that allow developers to access user data, post content, and interact with the platform programmatically. 
  • Payment gateways like PayPal provide APIs for processing payments within third-party applications.

Plugin:

  • A plugin (or plug-in) is a software component or module that adds specific features, functions, or capabilities to an existing software application. 
  •  Plugins allow users or developers to customize and enhance the capabilities of software applications without modifying the core code of the application. 
  • In web browsers like Mozilla Firefox or Google Chrome, users can install plugins to add features like ad blockers, password managers, or video downloaders.
  •  In content management systems (CMS) like WordPress, plugins can extend the platform’s functionality by adding features like SEO optimization, e-commerce capabilities, or social media integration.

Widget 👍

  • A “widget” is a term commonly used in the context of user interfaces and software applications to refer to a small, self-contained, and often interactive element or component that provides specific functionality or information. 
  • Widgets are typically designed to be placed within a larger user interface, such as a website, desktop application, or mobile app, to enhance its functionality or provide quick access to certain features. 

Email Service Provider : 

    • An Email Service Provider (ESP) is a company or service that offers email-related services to individuals, businesses, organizations, and other users.
    • Examples:
  • Gmail
  • Yahoo
  • Outlook
    • ProtonMail: 
    • Zoho Mail: 
    • AOL Mail: 
    • MailChimp: 
    • SendGrid: 
    • Constant Contact:
    • Campaign Monitor: 
    • HubSpot: 
    • GetResponse: 
    • AWeber: 
    • ConvertKit:.
    • Mailgun: 
    • Mandrill: Mandrill, by Mailchimp,.
  • Format of Email : sarkarilibrary@domainname.com
    • To: Shows recipient’s/recievers  email address 
    • From : Shows Sender’s email address. 
    • Subject : Shows Single line of Text shown to people.
    • Cc (Carbon Copy): An optional field for additional recipients who receive a copy of the email. Recipients in the “Cc” field are visible to all recipients.
    • Bcc (Blind Carbon Copy): Allows to hide recipients in Email Messages.
    • Inbox: where emails are received.
    • Draft : Represents unsent Messages.
    • Trash : Represents Deleted Messages.
    • Spam : Represents Unwanted Junk email sent out in bulk.
    • Attachment : Allows users to send files along with email.
    • Email Signature : Allows users to add text or quote automatically in the footer of mail.
    • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): SMTP is used for sending and relaying email messages.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a standardized method for the exchange of business documents and information between organizations electronically. 

Blogs:

  • Blogs are primarily text-based. 
  • They are written content published on websites, 

Vlogs (Video Blogs):

  • Vlogs are video-based content. 
  • They are typically hosted on video-sharing platforms like YouTube and are consumed by watching the videos.

Data confidentiality is a fundamental aspect of information security that refers to the practice of ensuring that sensitive and confidential information is protected from unauthorized access, disclosure, or exposure. It involves maintaining the privacy and secrecy of data, preventing unauthorized parties from gaining access to sensitive information. 

Videoconferencing is a technology that allows individuals or groups of people to engage in real-time, face-to-face communication over the internet or other communication networks, even if they are located in different physical locations. 

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is an application layer protocol and communication platform that enables real-time text-based messaging and group chat over the internet. IRC was created in 1988 by Jarkko Oikarinen.

Internet telephony, also known as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allows voice communication and multimedia sessions to be transmitted over the internet or other IP-based networks. It enables individuals and organizations to make voice calls, video calls, and transmit other multimedia content, such as images and video, using the Internet Protocol (IP).

Various online communication services

Instant Messaging (IM) and Chat Apps:

  • Instant Messaging (IM) is a form of online communication that enables real-time text-based conversations between individuals or groups of people over the internet.
  • “Chat” typically refers to a form of communication between two or more people in real time, usually through text-based messages, although it can also involve voice or video communication. 
  • WhatsApp: A widely used mobile app for text, voice, and video messaging.
  • Facebook Messenger: Allows Facebook users to chat, make voice and video calls.
  • Telegram: Known for its security features and support for large group chats.
  • Slack: A popular team collaboration platform for workplace communication.
  • Google Hangouts:

Email Services:

  • Gmail: Google’s free email service with powerful features and integration with other Google services.
  • Outlook: Microsoft’s email service, often used in business settings.
  • Yahoo Mail: A long-standing email service with free and premium offerings.

Video Conferencing and Voice Call Services:

  • Zoom: Popular for video conferencing, webinars, and online meetings.
  • Microsoft Teams: Part of the Microsoft 365 suite, offering video conferencing and collaboration tools.
  • Skype: Known for video and voice calls, as well as text messaging.
  • Google Meet: Google’s video conferencing service, integrated with G Suite.

Social Media and Networking:

  • Facebook: Besides personal networking, it supports group communication and events.
  • Twitter: A microblogging platform for short messages and conversations.
  • LinkedIn: Primarily used for professional networking and business communication.

Collaboration and Project Management Tools:

  • Trello: Helps teams organize and manage projects through boards and cards.
  • Asana: Task and project management tool for teams.
  • Microsoft SharePoint: Collaboration platform for document sharing and team sites.

Voice over IP (VoIP) Services:

  • Skype for Business: Microsoft’s VoIP solution for businesses.
  • Viber: Allows free voice and video calls, as well as text messaging.
  • Discord: Originally designed for gamers but widely used for voice and text chat among various communities.

File Sharing and Storage Services:

  • Dropbox: Cloud-based file storage and sharing with collaboration features.
  • Google Drive: Part of G Suite, offering file storage, sharing, and real-time collaboration.
  • OneDrive: Microsoft’s cloud storage solution integrated with Windows and Office.

Web-Based Communication Platforms:

  • WebEx: A Cisco platform for web conferencing and online meetings.
  • GoToMeeting: Offers online meetings, webinars, and video conferencing.
  • BlueJeans: Video conferencing and webinar platform.

Discussion Forums and Communities:

  • Reddit: A collection of discussion forums on a wide range of topics.
  • Stack Overflow: A Q&A community for programmers and developers.
  • Quora: A platform for asking and answering questions on various topics.

SMS and Messaging Apps:

  • iMessage: Apple’s messaging service for iOS devices.
  • Android Messages: Google’s messaging app for Android devices.
  • Signal: Known for its focus on privacy and encryption.

Types of Websites

Personal Websites:

  • They are often used to express personal interests or showcase creative work.

Blogs:

  • Blogs are online platforms where individuals or groups regularly publish written content, such as articles, reviews, opinions, and news. 
  • They can cover a wide range of topics, from personal experiences to professional niches.

E-commerce Websites:

  • E-commerce websites facilitate online buying and selling of products and services. 
  • They include online stores, marketplaces, and platforms for businesses to sell their products to customers.

Business Websites:

  • Business websites serve as online representations of businesses and organizations. 
  • They provide information about products, services, contact details, and may include features like online booking or appointment scheduling.

Portfolio Websites:

  • Portfolio websites are used by artists, designers, photographers, and professionals to showcase their work and highlight their skills and achievements.

Educational Websites:

  • Educational websites offer educational content, courses, tutorials, and resources. They can be used for formal education, e-learning, or as supplementary learning platforms.

News Websites:

  • News websites provide up-to-date news, articles, and reports on various topics, including current events, politics, technology, entertainment, and more.

Community and Social Networking Websites:

  • They allow users to create profiles, connect with others, share content, and communicate online.
  • Social networking platforms l:  Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest,Instagram,Snapchat, Whatsapp,Quora, Wechat and LinkedIn .

Government Websites:

  • Government websites provide information and services related to government agencies, public policies, laws, and civic engagement. 
  • They often include resources for citizens, businesses, and visitors.

Nonprofit and Charity Websites:

  • Nonprofit organizations and charities use websites to promote their causes, raise awareness, accept donations, and provide information about their initiatives.

Entertainment and Media Websites:

  • Entertainment websites offer a wide range of content, including videos, music, games, reviews, and celebrity news. 
  • Streaming platforms like Netflix and YouTube are examples.

Wiki Websites:

  • Wiki websites, such as Wikipedia, allow collaborative content creation and editing by users. They are valuable resources for reference and information sharing.

B2B (Business-to-Business) Websites:

  • B2B websites are designed for businesses to interact with other businesses. They can include directories, marketplaces, and platforms for professional networking.

B2C (Business-to-Consumer) Websites:

  • B2C websites are designed for businesses to interact directly with consumers. They often focus on sales, marketing, and customer support.
Internet and its Services