Miscellaneous : Computer

Gray code

  • also known as Gray binary code or reflected binary code, is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ by only one bit.
  • It is commonly used in various digital systems, particularly in applications related to digital communications, error detection, rotary encoders, and analog-to-digital converters.
  • For example, let’s compare the traditional binary representation with Gray code for a 3-bit binary number:
    • Binary: 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111
    • Gray Code: 000, 001, 011, 010, 110, 111, 101, 100

Video conferencing software:

  • Zoom: 
  • Microsoft Teams: Part of the Microsoft 365 suite
  • Google Meet: part of the Google Workspace (formerly G Suite)
  • Cisco Webex: 
  • Skype: Skype has been a popular video conferencing and VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) application for years.
  • GoToMeeting:
  • BlueJeans:
  • Jitsi Meet:
  • Adobe Connect:
  • Whereby:

Cryptocurrencies : 

  • Cryptocurrencies are digital or virtual currencies that use cryptography for security. 
  • Cryptographic techniques are used to secure transactions and control the creation of new units.
  • They are decentralized means not controlled by any central authority, such as a government or central bank.
  • They are and typically operate on a technology called blockchain, which is a distributed ledger that records all transactions across a network of computers. 
    • Transactions are grouped together into “blocks,” and these blocks are linked or “chained” together in a specific order. This creates a chain of blocks, which is why it’s called a blockchain.
    • Once a block is added to the blockchain, it is very difficult to change. 
    • Each block contains a reference to the previous block (like a chain), and altering one block would require changing all the blocks that came after it, which is nearly impossible. This makes blockchain very secure for recording transactions.
  • They are represented as cryptographic keys stored in digital wallets.
    • Cryptocurrencies wallets : Metamask, Coinbase,Electrum,Trezor
  • Cryptocurrency prices can be highly volatile, with rapid price fluctuations over short periods.

  • Examples: Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Hyperledger are well-known blockchain platforms.

  • Some Cryptocurrencies : 
  • Bitcoin: created by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009, was the first cryptocurrency and remains the most well-known and widely used. It laid the foundation for the development of thousands of other cryptocurrencies, often referred to as “altcoins.”
  • Altcoins: alternative cryptocurrencies (altcoins) 
    • Ethereum (ETH)
    • Ripple (XRP)
    • Litecoin (LTC)

  • Mining of  cryptocurrencies : Cryptocurrencies use a process to validate and add transactions to the blockchain Kown as Mining. 
    • Cryptocurrency mining is the process by which new units of a cryptocurrency are created and transactions are verified and added to the blockchain.

Markup languages 

    • Markup languages are a type of computer language used to format, structure, and annotate text and data. 
    • They provide instructions for how content should be displayed, organized, or processed. 
    • Markup languages are commonly used in web development, document formatting, and data interchange. 
  • HTML (Hypertext Markup Language):
  • HTML is the standard markup language used to create web pages and define their structure. 
  • It uses tags to specify headings, paragraphs, links, images, and other elements on a web page.
  • XML (Extensible Markup Language):
      • XML is a versatile markup language used for structuring and encoding data in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. 
      • It’s widely used for data interchange and configuration files.
  • XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language):
      • XHTML is a stricter, more XML-compliant version of HTML. It enforces well-formedness and is used to create web pages following the XML rules.
  • JSON (JavaScript Object Notation):
      • JSON is a lightweight data interchange format that uses a simple text-based syntax to represent structured data. It is commonly used for transmitting data between a server and a web application.
  • Markdown:
      • Markdown is a lightweight markup language used for formatting plain text documents. It is often used in documentation, wikis, and as a simplified way to write HTML.
  • LaTeX:
      • LaTeX is a markup language commonly used for typesetting documents, especially in academic and scientific fields. It is particularly powerful for complex document layouts and mathematical notation.
  • SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language):
      • SGML is a foundational markup language from which HTML, XML, and other markup languages were derived. It’s primarily used for defining document structures and data interchange.
  • YAML (YAML Ain’t Markup Language):
      • YAML is a human-readable data serialization format that can be used for configuration files, data exchange between languages with different data structures, and more.
  • MathML (Mathematical Markup Language):
    • MathML is an XML-based markup language for describing mathematical notation and content. It is used to display mathematical equations and symbols on web pages.

Algorithm:

  • An algorithm is a step-by-step set of well-defined instructions or rules for solving a specific problem or performing a particular task. 
  • It is a high-level description of the solution to a problem.
  • Algorithms can be expressed in natural language, pseudocode, or a programming language. 
  • They focus on the logic and operations required to achieve a desired outcome.
  • Algorithms provide a blueprint for solving a problem and can be used as a basis for writing code in a specific programming language.
  • A routing algorithm is the optimal path or route for data packets to travel from a source to a destination across a network. 

Flowchart:

  • A flowchart is a visual (Diagrammatic) representation of an algorithm or process. 
  • It uses standardized symbols and shapes to depict the sequence of steps, decisions, and actions required to complete a task.
  • Flowcharts are graphical and provide a clear visual representation of the flow of control within a process or algorithm. 
  • They use symbols to represent different elements and connectors to show the flow between them.
  • Flowcharts are primarily used for planning and communication. 
  • They help designers, developers, and stakeholders understand the structure and flow of a process.

Banking Terms : 

NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer):

  • NEFT is a nationwide electronic funds transfer system in India used for interbank transfers.
  • It operates on a deferred net settlement basis, where transactions are settled in batches at specific intervals.
  • NEFT transactions are typically not processed in real-time and have specific time windows.

RTGS (Real-Time Gross Settlement):

  • RTGS is a real-time electronic funds transfer system in India that facilitates high-value transactions between banks.
  • Transactions settled through RTGS are processed individually and in real-time, ensuring immediate and secure transfers.

IMPS (Immediate Payment Service):

  • IMPS is an instant interbank electronic funds transfer system in India that allows individuals to make real-time transactions using mobile phones or internet banking.
  • IMPS is available 24/7 and is widely used for various types of payments and fund transfers.

UPI (Unified Payments Interface):

  • UPI is a real-time payment system in India that enables individuals to make instant money transfers between bank accounts using mobile apps.
  • It is widely used for peer-to-peer payments, bill payments, and online purchases.

MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition):

  • MICR is a technology used for the processing of checks and other financial documents.
  • MICRis a unique 9 digit alphanumeric code.
  • It involves printing account information on checks using special ink that can be read by magnetic scanners, making check processing more efficient and accurate.

IFSC (Indian Financial System Code):

  • IFSC is a unique 11 digit alphanumeric code with first four digits identify the bank name,fifth is 0 and the last six digit represents the bank branch.
  • IFSC is assigned to each bank branch in India by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
  • It is used to identify bank branches for electronic fund transfers, including NEFT and RTGS transactions.

UTR (Unique Transaction Reference):

  • UTR is a unique reference number provided for each financial transaction initiated through NEFT, RTGS, or IMPS.
  • For RTGS – 22 Charcters Long
  • For NEFT – 16 Charcters Long
  • It helps track and identify individual transactions and is often used for reference or dispute resolution.

ATM (Automated Teller Machine):

  • ATM is a self-service banking terminal that allows customers to perform various financial transactions, including cash withdrawals, balance inquiries, and fund transfers.

Internet etiquette

  • Internet etiquette, often referred to as “netiquette,” encompasses the rules, conventions, and guidelines for polite and respectful behavior when using the internet, participating in online communities, and communicating with others through digital means. 

“Bug hunting” typically refers to the process of identifying and fixing software bugs or errors in computer programs, applications, or systems.

Miscellaneous : Computer